Ancient Africa and Andrea Primary Sources Assignment

Ancient Africa and Andrea Primary Sources - Assignment Example This shows the importance of the river and the important role which it played in the growth of the Oyo kingdom. In the land of the Seyon, the red sea and the historic ivory trade routes influenced the development of the Ethiopian kingdom. In regard to this, Andrea and Overfield (2001) record that the Ethiopian kingdom thrived as a result of its strategic location between the trade route that joined the Mediterranean world and Egypt. The adoption of Christianity in the Ethiopian kingdom during the reign of King Ezana was also a factor to the growth of the kingdom (Andrea & Overfield, 2001). The religion served to unite the people of Ethiopia. Historical markets and geographical tropical rainforests were also very influential in the development of kingdoms in the medieval Africa. Andrea and Overfield (2001) note that the Berber and Arab Merchants showed keen interest in the land of Ghana-Western Sudan kingdom because of its location between the tropical rainforests and the markets of North Africa. In addition, the cities of the Mediterranean north developed because of the gold mines, as Andrea and Overfield (2001) records. Similarly, the kingdom of the land of Zanj grew as a result of its closeness to the Indian ocean. The Indian ocean offered transport for traders and a conducive environment for the tremendous rise of the kingdom. In sum, the medieval African continental societal changes were greatly influenced by geographical features like the rivers, mountains, seas and the

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) Essay - 2

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example Chandler has helped expand the fields of strategic management in the field of economic development. His work emphasize on the need for organizational innovation, managerial expertise, and performance of the business. His theories are applied in the modern setting to help in economic advancement and help in improve sectors such as managerial uprising and organizational management structure. Chandler emphasized on modern industrial capitalism and was against the personal capitalism. Depending on a sequence of changes in internal and external environments, large companies are appreciating a new form of organizational structure. Post war or 1930s multidivisional organizational structure is different from this new method of organization as it is based on knowledge of expertise rather than economies of scale and scope. Managerial enterprise in large companies is industrial concerns whereby decisions of the company are based entirely on a hierarchy of managers for the best interest of the o rganization. National managerial enterprise patterns arose in the search for organizational capabilities and the need to gain benefits from diversification of companies. Comparing the UK to Germany and the US, UK trailed downward basically because of personal capitalism model. The public policy and the monetary policies of Britain were viewed as challenges to the uprising of the Britain economy. In Japan however, the enterprise system was due to delayed industrialization. Japan economies replaced personal capitalism with well-organized managerial structures that contributed greatly to the success of the economy. This kind of a system creates a competitive advantage both to the organization and between other nations once it has kicked off. Competitive advantage enables growth of the organization, and it’s hence a motivational tool as many large firms are responding to such competition by advancing their management structure. Due to this management